Laboratory Synthesis Of Acetazoleamide

AcetazoleamideChemical Name IUPAC: N: N- [5- (amino sulfonyl)- 1 ,3 ,4- thia di azol- 2- yl ]acet amide
Acetazoleamide Use: diuretic
Acetazoleamide LD50: 1175 mg/kg (M, i.p.); >3000 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 4300 mg/kg (M, p.o.); >3000 mg/kg (M,s.c.);2750 mg/kg (R, i.p.);>1500mg/kg (g. p., s.c.) >2000 mg/kg (dog, i.v.);
Reference(s):
US 2 554 816 (American Cyanamid; 1951; prior. 1950).
Roblin, R.O.; Clapp, J.W.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 72, 4890 (1950). 
Similar process:
US 2 980 679 (Omikron-Gagliardi; 18.4.1961; I-prior. 4.4.1957).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Acetazoleamide,molecular weight Acetazoleamide , molecular formula of   Acetazoleamide,structure of Acetazoleamide

Laboratory Synthesis Of N-Acetylcysteine

N-Acetylcysteine ChemicalName (IUPAC): N- acetyl- L- cysteine
N-AcetylcysteineUse: mucolytic agent
N-Acetylcysteine MW: 163.20
N-AcetylcysteineMF: C5H9NO3S
N-Acetylcysteine LD50: 400 mg/kg (M, i.p.); 3800 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 7888 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
1140 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 5050 mg/kg (R, p.o.);
700 mg/kg (dog, i.p.); 700 mg/kg (dog, i.v.); >1 g/kg (dog, p.o.)
N-Acetylcysteine Reference(s):

1. US 3 091 569 (Mead Johnson;. 28.5.1963; appl. 26.8.1960).
2. US 3 184 505 (Mead Johnson; 18.5.1965; appl. 18.6.1962).
3. Smith, H.A.; Gorin, G.: J. Org. Chem. (JOCEAH) 26, 820 (1961).
4. ammonium salt (mucolysis of bronchial mucus by nebulization):DOS 2 305 271 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 2.2.1973; USA-prior. 3.2.1972).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of N-Acetylcysteine ,molecular weight N-Acetylcysteine  , molecular formula of  N-Acetylcysteine,structure of N-Acetylcysteine

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amsacrine

Amsacrine IUPAC Chemical Name: N- [4- (9- acridinyl amino)- 3- methoxy phenyl ]methane sulfon amide
Amsacrine Use: antineoplastic
Amsacrine MW: 393.47
Amsacrine MF: C21H19N3O3S
Amsacrine LD50: 33.7 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 53.42 mg/kg (M, p.o.);6.25 mg/kg (dog, i.v.); 50 mg/kg (dog, p.o.)
Amsacrine Reference(s):
Cain, B.F. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 18, 1110 (1975); 20, 987 (1977).
Denny, W.A. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 21, 5 (1978).
Rewcastle, G.W. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 25, 1231 (1982).
preparation of III from benzenediazonium chloride:
Wilson, W.R. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 32, 23 (1989).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amsacrine ,molecular weight Amsacrine  , molecular formula of Amsacrine,structure of Amsacrine  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Alprazolam

Chemical Name(IUPAC): 8- chloro- 1- methyl- 6- phenyl- 4 H- [1 ,2 ,4 ]tri azolo [4 ,3- a ][1 ,4 ]benzo diazepine
Alprazolam Use: tranquilizer
Alprazolam MW: 308.77
Alprazolam MF: C17H13ClN4
Alprazolam LD50: 770 mg/kg (M, p.o.);1220 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):
DOS 2 203 782 (Upjohn; appl. 27.1.1972; USA-prior. 9.2.1971).
US 3 709 898 (Upjohn; 9.1.1973; prior. 9.2.1971).
US 3 781 289 (Upjohn; 25.12.1973; prior. 11.5.1972, 9.2.1971).DOS 2 012 190 (Upjohn; appl. 14.3.1970; USA-prior. 17.3.1969, 29.10.1969).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation ofAlprazolam ,molecular weight Alprazolam  , molecular formula of Alprazolam,structure of Alprazolam  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amodiaquine

Amodiaquine IUPAC Chemical Name: 4- [(7- chloro- 4- quinolinyl )amino]- 2- [(di ethyl amino )methyl ]phenol
Amodiaquine Use: antimalarial
Amodiaquine MW: 355.87
Amodiaquine MF: C20H22ClN3O
Amodiaquine LD50: 550 mg/kg (M, p.o.)
Reference(s):
US 2 474 821 (Parke Davis; 1949; prior. 1945).
Burckhalter, J.F. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 68, 1894 (1946).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amodiaquine ,molecular weight of Amodiaquine , molecular formula of  Amodiaquine,structure of Amodiaquine

Laboratory Synthesis Of Allobarbital

Allobarbital IUPAC Chemical Name: 5 ,5- di- 2- propenyl- 2 ,4 ,6 (1 H ,3 H ,5 H)- pyrimidine trione
Allobarbital Use: hypnotic, sedative
Allobarbital MW: 208.22
Allobarbital MF: C10H12N2O3
Allobarbital LD50: 218 mg/kg (M, i.v.)
Reference(s):
DRP 268 158 (Ciba; appl. 1911).
DRP 526 854 (Hoffmann-La Roche; appl. 1930).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Allobarbital ,molecular weight Allobarbital , molecular formula of  Allobarbital 

Laboratory Synthesis Of Ambroxol

Ambroxol IUPAC Chemical Name: trans- 4- [[(2- amino- 3 ,5- di bromo phenyl )methyl ]amino ]cyclo hexanol
Ambroxol Use: expectorant
Ambroxol MW: 378.11
Ambroxol MF: C13H18Br2N2O
Ambroxol LD50: 138 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2720 mg/kg (M, p.o.);13.4 g/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):

1. DE 1 593 579 (Thomae; appl. 10.5.1966).
2. DOS 2 218 647 (Thomae; appl. 18.4.1972).
3. DOS 2 223 193 (Thomae; appl. 12.5.1972).
4. Keck, J.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. (JLACBF) 707, 107 (1967).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Ambroxol ,molecular weight Ambroxol  , molecular formula of  Ambroxol,structure of Ambroxol

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amiloride

Amiloride IUPAC Chemical Name: 3 ,5- di amino- N- (amino imino methyl)- 6- chloro pyrazine carbox amide
Amiloride Use: diuretic, antihypertonic
Amiloride MW: 229.63
Amiloride MF: C6H8ClN7O
Amiloride Reference(s):

1. US 3 313 813 (Merck & Co.; 11.4.1967; prior. 30.10.1962, 7.10.1963).
2. GB 1 066 855 (Merck & Co.; appl. 24.10.1963; USA-prior. 30.10.1962, 7.10.1963).
3. Bicking, J.B. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 8, 638 (1965).
4. Cragoe, E.J. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 10, 66 (1967).

improved method for 5,6-diaminouracil:

1. DOS 2 831 037 (Lonza; appl. 14.7.1978; CH-prior. 20.7.1977).

combination with etacrynic acid:

1. US 3 781 430 (Merck & Co.; 25.12.1973; prior. 30.10.1962, 7.10.1963, 7.2.1966, 18.2.1969,

21.12.1971).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amiloride ,molecular weight Amiloride , molecular formula of  Amiloride,structure of Amiloride

Laboratory Synthesis Of Ampicillin

Amsacrine IUPAC Chemical Name: [2 S- [2 a ,5 a ,6 b (S *)]]-6- [(amino phenyl acetyl )amino]- 3 ,3- di methyl- 7- oxo- 4- thia- 1- aza bicyclo [3 .2 .0 ]heptane- 2- carboxylic acid
Amsacrine Use: antibiotic
Amsacrine MW: 349.41
Amsacrine MF: C16H19N3O4S
Amsacrine LD50: 4600 mg/kg (M, i.v.); >5 g/kg (M, p.o.);6200 mg/kg (R, i.v.)
Amsacrine Reference(s):
a GB 893 049 (Beecham; appl. 6.10.1958, 12.5.1959).
GB 902 703 (Beecham; valid from 19.5.1961; prior. 25.8.1960).
US 2 985 648 (Beecham; 23.5.1961; GB-prior. 6.10.1958).
DAS 1 139 844 (Beecham; appl. 6.10.1959; GB-prior. 6.10.1958, 12.5.1960).
DE 1 156 078 (Beecham; appl. 29.5.1961; GB-prior. 25.8.1960).
b US 3 140 282 (Bristol-Myers; 7.7.1964; appl. 5.3.1962).
c GB 991 586 (Beecham; appl. 28.2.1963, 3.12.1963; valid from 13.2.1964).
alternative syntheses:
DE 1 168 910 (Beecham; appl. 3.7.1962; GB-prior. 21.7.1961).
US 3 144 445 (American Home; 11.8.1964; appl. 26.12.1962).
DAS 1 445 506 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 24.10.1963; USA-prior. 29.10.1962).
DAS 1 545 534 (Astra; appl. 4.3.1965; S-prior. 6.3.1964).
DAS 2 029 195 (Yamanouchi; appl. 13.6.1970; J-prior. 16.6.1969).
DAS 1 800 698 (American Home Products; appl. 2.10.1968; USA-prior. 2.10.1967).
DOS 2 755 903 (Dobfar; appl. 15.12.1977; I-prior. 16.12.1976).
enzymatic and microbiological methods:
US 3 079 307 (Bayer; 26.2.1963; D-prior. 7.10.1961).
DE 1 966 521 (Kyowa Hakko; appl. 9.9.1969; J-prior. 18.9.1968, 8.10.1968).
DAS 1 967 074 (Kyowa Hakko; appl. 9.9.1969; J-prior. 18.9.1968, 8.10.1968).
DAS 2 050 983 (Kyowa Hakko; appl. 16.10.1970; J-prior. 16.10.1969).
US 4 073 687 (Shionogi; 14.2.1978; J-prior. 14.5.1975).
ampicillin salts:
DE 1 197 460 (Bayer; appl. 4.9.1962).
DOS 1 670 111 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 16.7.1966).
DE 1 670 191 (Beecham; appl. 24.2.1967; GB-prior. 3.3.1966).
DAS 1 795 129 (Beecham; appl. 14.8.1968; USA-prior. 18.8.1967).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Ampicillin,molecular weight Ampicillin  , molecular formula of Ampicillin,structure of Ampicillin   

Laboratory Synthesis Of Bacampicillin

Bacampicillin IUPAC name : [2 S- [2 a ,5 a ,6 b (S *)]]-6- [(amino phenyl acetyl )amino]- 3 ,3- di methyl- 7- oxo- 4- thia- 1- aza bi cyclo [3 .2 .0 ]heptane- 2- carboxylic acid 1- [(ethoxy carbonyl )oxy ]ethyl ester
BacampicillinUse: antibiotic (broad spectrum penicillin)
MW: 501.99
MF: C21H27N3O7S · HCl
Bacampicillin LD50: 184 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 8529 mg/kg (M, p.o.);176 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 10 g/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):
DAS 2 144 457 (Astra; appl. 4.9.1971; S-prior. 17.9.1970, 20.11.1970).
US 3 873 521 (Astra; 25.3.1975; S-prior. 17.9.1970; 20.11.1970).
US 3 939 270 (Astra; 17.2.1976; S-prior. 17.9.1970; 20.11.1970).

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Laboratory Synthesis Of Acyclovir

Chemical Name IUPAC : 2- amino- 1 ,9- di hydro- 9- [(2- hydroxy ethoxy )methyl]- 6 H- purin- 6- one

Acyclovir Use: antiviral

Acyclovir MW: 225.21

Acyclovir MF: C8H11N5O3

Acyclovir LD50: 1000 mg/kg (M, i.p.); 1118 mg/kg (M, i.v.); >10000 mg/kg (M, p.o.); 1118 mg/kg (M,s.c.);860 mg/kg (R, i.p.); 910 mg/kg (R, i.v.); >20000 mg/kg (R, p.o.); 620 mg/kg (R, s.c.)

Reference(s):

1. Schaeffer, H.J. et al.: Nature (London) (NATUAS) 272, 583 (1978).
2. DE 2 539 963 (Wellcome; appl. 2.9.1975; GB-prior. 2.9.1974).
3. US 4 199 574 (Wellcome; 22.4.1980; GB-prior. 2.9.1974).
4. c GB 1 567 671 (Wellcome; appl. 26.8.1977; USA-prior. 27.8.1976).
5. Matsumoto, H. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. (CPBTAL) 36, 1153 (1988).
6. f EP 709 385 (Roche; appl. 13.7.1995; USA-prior. 26.7.1994, 27.4.1995).

Aternative synthesis Acyclovir from 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide:

WO 9 011 283 (GEA Farm.; 4.10.1990; DK-prior. 20.3.1989).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Acyclovir,molecular weightAcyclovir  , molecular formula of  Acyclovir,structure of Acyclovir 

Laboratory Synthesis Of alpha Acetyl Digoxin

alpha Acetyl Digoxin MW: 822.99
alpha Acetyl DigoxinMF: C43H66O15
alpha Acetyl Digoxin Use: cardiotonic, cardiac glycoside
alpha Acetyl Digoxin LD50: 3300 mg/kg (g. p., p.o.);200 mg/kg (cat, p.o.)
Reference(s):
a Fieser, L.F.; Fieser, M.: Steroide, p. 801, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1961.
b GB 1 162 614 (Heilmittelwerke Wien; appl. 1.2.1968; A-prior. 7.2.1967).
Gisvold, O.: J. Pharm. Sci. (JPMSAE) 61, 1320 (1972).
Alternative syntheses:
DE 2 010 422 (Boehringer Ing.; appl. 5.3.1970). (Acetyldigitoxin, q. v.).
Rietbrock, N.; Kuhlmann, J.: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. (NSAPCC) 279,
413 (1973).
Formulation(s):
sol. 0.5 mg/ml; tabl. 0.25 mg, 0.2 mg

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Acetyl Digoxin,molecular weight Acetyl Digoxin  , molecular formula of   Acetyl Digoxin,structure of Acetyl Digoxin

Laboratory Synthesis Of Aceclofenac

synthesis of aceclofenac

Aceclofenac Chemical Name IUPAC : [[[2- [(2 ,6- di chloro phenyl )amino ]phenyl ]acetyl ]oxy ]acetic acid
Aceclofenac Use: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic,antipyretic, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor
Aceclofenac MW: 354.19 MF: C16H13Cl2NO4
Aceclofenac LD50: 121 mg/kg (M, p.o.)

A white to almost white crystalline powder. Aceclofenac M.p. 149° to 150°.
Aceclofenac solubility: It is practically insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and methyl alcohol; freely soluble in acetone and dimethylformamide.

Thin–layer Chromatography.

Plate: silica gel. Mobile phase: chloroform:methanol:acetic acid (90:10:1). Aceclofenac, Rf 0.44; 4′-OH aceclofenac, Rf 0.25. [R. Bort et al.,Drug Metab. Dispos.,1996, 248, 834–841].

High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

System HZ—retention time 10.7 min.

Column: C₁₈ (Spherisorb ODS–2, 5 μm, 200 × 4.6 mm). Mobile phase: triethanolamine (0.02% in 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4):acetonitrile (75:25), flow rate 1.0 mL/min. UV Detection (λ=282 nm). Retention time: aceclofenac, 23.4 min; 4′-hydroxyaceclofenac, 7.6 min. [R. Bort et al.,Drug Metab. Dispos.,1996, 248, 834–841].

Reference(s):
EP 119 932 (Prodes; appl. 19.3.1984; E-prior. 21.3.1983).
US 4 548 952 (Prodes; 22.10.1985; appl. 15.3.1984; E-prior. 21.3.1983). 
Alternative synthesis:
ES 2 020 146 (Prodesfarma; appl. 29.5.1990).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Aceclofenac ,molecular weight Aceclofenac  , molecular formula of  Aceclofenac,structure of Aceclofenac

Laboratory Synthesis Of Acetohexamide

Acetohexamide Chemical name IUPAC :N: 4- acetyl- N- [(cyclo hexyl amino )carbonyl ]benzene sulfon amide
Acetohexamide Use: antidiabetic
AcetohexamideMW: 324.40
Acetohexamide MF: C15H20N2O4S
Acetohexamide LD50: >2500 mg/kg (M, p.o.);
5g/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):
US 3 320 312 (Lilly; 16.5.1967; prior. 28.4.1960).
DE 1 177 631 (Lilly; appl. 21.4.1961; USA-prior. 28.4.1960).
DE 1 135 891 (Hoechst; appl. 30.6.1960).
tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Acetohexamide ,molecular weight Acetohexamide , molecular formula of  Acetohexamide,structure of Acetohexamide

Laboratory Synthesis Of Acetylcholine chloride

Acetylcholine chloride Chemical Name: 2- (acetyl oxy)- N ,N ,N- tri methyl ethan aminium chloride
Acetylcholine chloride Use: parasympathomimetic, miotic, vasodilator (peripheral)
Acetylcholine chloride MW: 181.66
Acetylcholine chloride MF: C7H16ClNO2
Acetylcholine chloride LD50: 10 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 3 g/kg (M, p.o.);
22 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 2500 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):

1. Baeyer, A. v.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. (JLACBF) 142, 235 (1867).
2. Nothnagel: Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim, Ger.) (ARPMAS) 232, 265 (1894).
3. Fourneau, E.; Page, H.J.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (BSCFAS) [4] 15, 544 (1914).
4. DE 801 210 (BASF; appl. 1948).
5. US 1 957 443 (Merck & Co.; 1934; appl. 1931).
6. US 2 012 268 (Merck & Co.; 1935; appl. 1931).
7. US 2 013 536 (Merck & Co.; 1935; appl. 1931).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Acetylcholine chloride,molecular weight Acetylcholine chloride , molecular formula of  Acetylcholine chloride,structure of Acetylcholine chloride

Laboratory Synthesis Of L-Alanine

CHEMICAL NAME (IUPAC): L- alanine
L-Alanine Use: non-essential proteinogenic amino acid (part of infusion solutions)
L-Alanine MW: 89.09
L-Alanine MF: C3H7NO2
Reference(s): 
Review:L-Alanine

1. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5. Ed., Vol. A2, 69.
2. Kaneko, T.; Izumi, Y.; Chibata, I.; Itoh, T.: Synthetic Production and Utilization of Amino
3. Acids, Kodansha Ltd. and John Wiley & Sons, Tokyo, New York, p. 62 (1974).
4. c US 3 898 128 (Tanabe; 5.8.1975; J-prior. 20.11.1972).
5. Yamamoto, K. et al.: Biotechnol. Bioeng. (BIBIAU) 22, 2045 (1980).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of L-Alanine ,molecular weight L-Alanine  , molecular formula of L-Alanine,structure of L-Alanine  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Allantoin

CHEMICAL NAME IUPAC : chloro [(2 ,5- di oxo- 4- imidazolidinyl )uretato ]tetra hydroxy aluminum
Allantoin Use: wound remedy, antipsoriatic, adstringent, webstimulant, keratolytic, antacid
Allantoin MW: 158.12
Allantoin MF: C4H6N4O3

Alcloxa Allantoin
RN: 1317-25-5 EINECS: 215-262-3
MW: 314.55
MF: C4H9Al2ClN4O7
LD50: >8 g/kg (M,R, p.o.)
CN: chloro [(2 ,5- di oxo- 4- imidazolidinyl )uretato ]tetra hydroxy aluminum
Aldioxa Allantoin
RN: 5579-81-7 EINECS: 226-964-4
MW: 218.11
MF: C4H7AlN4O5
LD50: >8 g/kg (M, p.o.)
CN: [(2 ,5- di oxo- 4- imidazolidinyl )ureato ]di hydroxy aluminum

Reference(s):

1. DOS 1 939 924 (BASF; appl. 6.8.1969).
2. from glyoxal via "in situ"-glyoxylic acid:DOS 2 714 938 (Akad. d. Wiss. der DDR; appl. 2.4.1977; DDR-prior. 29.10.1976).
3. from chloral hydrate via "in situ"-glyoxylic acid:DOS 2 717 698 (Akad. d. Wiss. der DDR; appl. 21.4.1977; DDR-prior. 29.10.1976).
4. by oxidation of uric acid with PbO, or H2O2 or potassium permanganate:Org. Synth. (ORSYAT) 13 1 (1933).
5. by oxidation of glycoluril with H2O2:Biltz, H.; Schiemann, G.: J. Prakt. Chem. (JPCEAO) 113, 92 (1926).US 2 802 011 (Carbogen Corp.; 1957; appl. 1956).
6. by condensation of glyoxylic acid esters or glyoxylic acid acetal esters with urea:US 2 158 098 (Merck & Co.; 1939; appl. 1937).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Allantoin,molecular weight Allantoin , molecular formula of Allantoin  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Allopurinol

Allopurinol IUPAC Chemical Name: 1 ,5- di hydro- 4 H- pyrazolo [3 ,4- d ]pyrimidin- 4- one
Allopurinol Use: uricosuric agent
Allopurinol MW: 136.11 MF: C5H4N4O
Allopurinol LD50: >1 g/kg (M, p.o.)
Reference(s):

1. US 2 868 803 (Ciba; 13.1.1959; CH-prior. 10.2.1956).
2. DAS 1 720 024 (Wellcome Found; appl. 12.7.1967; GB-prior. 14.7.1966).

Similar process:

1. DAS 1 904 894 (Wellcome Found; appl. 31.1.1969; GB-prior. 2.2.1968).
2. US 4 146 713 (Burroughs Wellcome; 27.3.1979; GB-prior. 2.2.1968).

Alternative syntheses:

1. US 3 474 098 (Burroughs Wellcome; 21.10.1969; prior. 29.3.1956).
2. DAS 2 224 382 (Henning Berlin; appl. 18.5.1972).
3. DE 1 118 221 (Wellcome Found; appl. 4.8.1956; GB-prior. 10.8.1955).
4. DAS 1 814 082 (Wellcome Found; appl. 11.12.1968).
5. DAS 1 950 075 (Henning Berlin; appl. 3.10.1969).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Allopurinol,molecular weight Allopurinol  , molecular formula of  Allopurinol,structure of Allopurinol

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amantadine

Amantadine IUPAC Chemical name: tri cyclo [3 .3 .1 .1 3 ,7 ]decan- 1- amine
Amantadine Use: antiparkinsonian, antiviral
Amantadine MW: 151.25 MF: C10H17N
Amantadine LD50: 700 mg/kg (M, p.o.);900 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):

1. Stetter, H. et al.: Chem. Ber. (CHBEAM) 93, 226 (1960).US 3 310 469 (Du Pont; 21.3.1967; prior. 28.8.1961, 15.4.1963, 22.10.1963).
2. synthesis from adamantane, HCN and H2SO4:US 3 152 180 (Studiengesellschaft Kohle; 6.10.1964, D-prior. 25.8.1960).
3. combination with molindone (antidepressant):US 4 148 896 (Du Pont; 10.4.1979; appl. 22.2.1978).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amantadine ,molecular weight Amantadine , molecular formula of  Amantadine,structre of Amantadine 

Laboratory Synthesis Of Ambroxol

Ambroxol IUPAC Chemical Name: trans- 4- [[(2- amino- 3 ,5- di bromo phenyl )methyl ]amino ]cyclo hexanol
Ambroxol Use: expectorant
Ambroxol MW: 378.11
Ambroxol MF: C13H18Br2N2O
Ambroxol LD50: 138 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2720 mg/kg (M, p.o.);13.4 g/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):

1. DE 1 593 579 (Thomae; appl. 10.5.1966).
2. DOS 2 218 647 (Thomae; appl. 18.4.1972).
3. DOS 2 223 193 (Thomae; appl. 12.5.1972).
4. Keck, J.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. (JLACBF) 707, 107 (1967).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Ambroxol ,molecular weight Ambroxol  , molecular formula of  Ambroxol,structure of Ambroxol

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amikacin

Amikacin IUPAC Chemical Name: (S)- O- 3- amino- 3- deoxy- a- D- gluco pyranosyl- (1 ®6)- O- [6- amino- 6- deoxy- a- D- glucopyranosyl- (1 ®4 )]-N 1- (4- amino- 2- hydroxy- 1- oxo butyl)- 2- deoxy- D- strept amine
Amikacin Use: aminoglycoside antibiotic
Amikacin MW: 585.61
MF: C22H43N5O13
Amikacin LD50: 280 mg/kg (M, i.v.); >6 g/kg (M, p.o.)
Reference(s):
DE 2 234 315 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 12.7.1972; USA-prior. 27.1.1972, 13.7.1971).
US 3 781 268 (Bristol-Myers; 25.12.1973; prior. 27.1.1972, 13.7.1971).
Kawaguchi, H. et al.: J. Antibiot. (JANTAJ) 25, 695 (1972). 
Alternative syntheses:

1. NL 7 401 517 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 4.2.1974; USA-prior. 7.2.1973).
2. NL 7 414 668 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 11.11.1974; USA-prior. 14.11.1973, 23.5.1974).
3. US 3 974 137 (Bristol-Myers; 10.8.1976; prior. 23.5.1974).
4. DOS 2 432 644 (Takeda; appl. 8.7.1974; J-prior. 12.7.1973).
5. DOS 2 716 533 (Pfizer; appl. 14.4.1977; GB-prior. 14.4.1976).
6. DOS 2 818 822 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 28.4.1978; USA-prior. 28.4.1977, 20.3.1978).
7. DOS 2 818 992 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 28.4.1978; USA-prior. 28.4.1977; 20.3.1978).

Disulfate pentahydrate:

1. FR 2 308 373 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 22.3.1976; USA-prior. 23.4.1975). 

Amikacin Review:

1. Kawaguchi, H.; Hiroshi: Drug Action Drug Resist. Bact. (DADRBY) 2, 45 (1975).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amikacin,molecular weight Amikacin , molecular formula of  Amikacin,structure of Amikacin

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amitriptyline

preparation of  Amitriptyline

Amitriptyline IUPAC Chemical Name: 3- (10 ,11- di hydro- 5 H- di benzo [a ,d ]cyclo hepten- 5- ylidene)- N ,N- di methyl- 1- propanamine
Amitriptyline Use: antidepressant
Amitriptyline MW: 277.41
Amitriptyline MF: C20H23N
Amitriptyline LD50: 16 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 140 mg/kg (M, p.o.);320 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Reference(s):

• GB 858 187 (Hoffmann-La Roche; appl. 24.3.1959; CH-prior. 3.4.1958).

DE 1 109 166 (Hoffmann-La Roche; appl. 16.3.1959; CH-prior. 3.4.1958).
BE 584 061 (Merck & Co.; appl. 27.10.1959; USA-prior. 31.10.1958).
BE 609 095 (Kefalas A/S; appl. 12.10.1961; DK-prior. 12.10.1960).

•  Hoffsommer, R.D. et al.: J. Org. Chem. (JOCEAH) 27, 4134 (1962).

alternative synthesis Amitriptyline
DAS 1 468 138 (Kefalas; appl. 12.3.1963; GB-prior. 23.3.1962, 9.11.1962).
US 3 205 264 (Merck & Co.; 7.9.1965; appl. 15.6.1962).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amitriptyline ,molecular weight Amitriptyline  , molecular formula of Amitriptyline,structure of Amitriptyline  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amlodipine

Amlodipine IUPAC Chemical Name: 2- [(2- amino ethoxy )methyl]- 4- (2- chloro phenyl)- 1 ,4- di hydro- 6- methyl- 3 ,5- pyridine dicarboxylic acid 3- ethyl 5- methyl ester
Amlodipine Use: calcium antagonist, antianginal,antihypertensive
Amlodipine MW: 408.88
Amlodipine MF: C20H25ClN2O5
Reference(s):
EP 89 167 (Pfizer; appl. 8.3.1983; GB-prior. 11.3.1982).
besylate salt:
EP 244 944 (Pfizer; appl. 31.3.1987; GB-prior. 4.4.1986).
racemate resolution:
EP 331 315 (Pfizer; appl. 16.2.1989; GB-prior. 27.2.1988).
Arrowsmith, J.E. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 29, 1696 (1986).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amlodipine ,molecular weight Amlodipine  , molecular formula of Amlodipine,structure of Amlodipine  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin IUPAC Chemical Name: [2 S- [2 a ,5 a ,6 b (S *)]]-6- [[amino (4- hydroxy phenyl )acetyl ]amino]- 3 ,3- di methyl- 7- oxo- 4-thia- 1- aza bi cyclo [3 .2 .0 ]heptane- 2- carboxylic acid
Amoxicillin Use: antibiotic
Amoxicillin MW: 365.41
Amoxicillin MF: C16H19N3O5S
Amoxicillin LD50: >25 g/kg (M, p.o.);>15 g/kg (R, p.o.)

Amoxicillin Reference(s):
"racemic amoxicillin":
GB 978 178 (Beecham; appl. 2.11.1962; valid from 25.10.1963).
US 3 192 198 (Beecham; 29.6.1965; GB-prior. 2.11.1962).
amoxicillin:
Long, A.A.W. et al.: J. Chem. Soc. C (JSOOAX) 1971, 1920.
US 3 674 776 (Beecham; 4.7.1972; appl. 18.8.1969; GB-prior. 23.8.1968).
DOS 1 942 693 (Beecham; appl. 21.8.1969; GB-prior. 23.8.1968).
GB 1 241 844 (Beecham; appl. 23.8.1968; valid from 20.8.1969).
a US 4 128 547 (Gist-Brocades; 5.12.1978; NL-prior. 6.9.1977).
GB 1 339 605 (Beecham; appl. 1.4.1971; valid from 28.3.1972).
b DAS 2 611 286 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 17.3.1976; USA Prior. 17.3.1975).
alternative syntheses Amoxicillin:
US 4 053 360 (Bristol-Myers; 11.10.1977; GB-prior. 5.6.1974, 19.3.1975).
DOS 2 454 841 (Archifar; appl. 19.11.1974; I-prior. 17.5.1974).
DOS 2 755 903 (Dobfar; appl. 15.12.1977; I-prior. 16.12.1976).
GB 1 535 291 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 5.3.1976; USA-prior. 17.3.1975).
US 4 098 796 (Novo; 4.7.1978; appl. 7.6.1976).
BE 867 414 (Antibioticos S.A.; appl. 24.5.1978; E-prior. 4.6.1977).
microbiologic acylation of 6-APA with methyl D-a-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-glycinate hydrochloride
by means of Aphanocladium aranearum (ATCC 20453):
US 4 073 687 (Shionogi; 14.2.1978; J-prior. 14.5.1975).
sodium salt:
GB 1 543 317 (Beecham; valid from 4.8.1976; prior. 27.9.1975).
DOS 2 729 112 (Beecham; appl. 28.6.1977; GB-prior. 7.7.1976).
trihydrate:
DAS 2 611 286 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 17.3.1976; USA-prior. 17.3.1975).
DOS 2 732 528 (Bristol-Myers; appl. 19.7.1977; GB-prior. 20.7.1976).
water soluble salts with arginine or lysine:
GB 1 504 767 (Beecham; valid from 23.8.1976; prior. 2.7.1975, 30.9.1975; 3.11.1975).
GB 1 539 510 (Beecham; valid from 23.8.1976; prior. 23.8.1975, 30.9.1975, 3.11.1975).
"amorphous" amoxicillin:
DAS 2 112 634 (Beecham; appl. 16.3.1971; GB-prior. 16.3.1970).
formulation for injection solutions:
GB 1 532 993 (Beecham; appl. 7.3.1975; valid from 9.2.1976).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Amoxicillin,molecular weight Amoxicillin  , molecular formula of Amoxicillin,structure of Amoxicillin  

Laboratory Synthesis Of Atenolol

Atenolol IUPAC Chemical Name: 4- [2- hydroxy- 3- [(1- methyl ethyl )amino ]propoxy ]benzene acet amide
Atenolol Use: antiadrenergic (b-receptor), antihypertensive
Atenolol MW: 266.34
Atenolol MF: C14H22N2O3
Atenolol LD50: >57 mg/kg (M, i.v.); 2 g/kg (M, p.o.);77 mg/kg (R, i.v.); 2 g/kg (R, p.o.)

This compound has been obtained by two related ways: 1) The reaction of phenol (I) with formaldehyde gives 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (II), which is treated with NaCN in hot DMF to yield 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)

acetonitrile (III). The hydrolysis of (III) in refluxing ethanol/water, catalyzed by a Pt catalyst affords the corresponding acetamide (IV), which is condensed with an excess of hot epichlorohydrin (V) by means of piperidine gives 2-[4-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)phenyl]acetamide (VI). Finally, the oxirane ring of (VI) is opened with isopropylamine in methanol. 2)The condensation of acetonitrile (III) with epichlorohydrin (V) as before gives the 2-[4-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)phenyl]acetonitrile (VIII), which is treated with isopropylamine (VII) in methanol yielding 2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy]phenyl]acetonitrile (IX). Finally, this compound is hydrolyzed with refluxing ethanol/water catalyzed by a Pt catalyst as before to afford the target acetamide.

for detailed procedure see the follwing references ---
1.Akisanya, J.; et al.; A synthesis of atenolol using a nitrile hydration catalyst. Org Process Res Dev 1998, 2, 4, 274
2. Drugs Fut1976,1,(1):7

Atenolol Reference(s):

1. US 3 663 607 (ICI; 16.5.1972; GB-prior. 21.2.1969).
2. US 3 836 671 (ICI; 17.9.1974; GB-prior. 21.2.1969, 24.9.1969, 18.11.1970 and 19.11.1970).
3. DOS 2 007 751 (ICI; appl. 19.2.1970; GB-prior. 21.2.1969 and 24.9.1969).
4. GB 1 285 038 (ICI; appl. 21.2.1969; valid from 24.9.1969).

alternative synthesis:
GB 1 391 444 (ICI; appl. 13.7.1971; valid from 19.6.1972).
4-hydroxybenzyl cyanide:
GB 1 522 477 (ICI; appl. 13.8.1974; valid from 11.11.1975).
US 4 154 757 (ICI; 15.5.1979; appl. 22.5.1978).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Atenolol,molecular weight  Atenolol, molecular formula of  Atenolol

Laboratory Synthesis Of Atorvastatin calcium

Atorvastatin calcium IUPAC Chemical Name: [R- (R *,R *)]-2- (4- fluoro phenyl)- b ,d- di hydroxy- 5- (1- methyl ethyl)
- 3- phenyl- 4- [(phenylamino )carbonyl]- 1 H- pyrrole- 1- heptanoic acid calcium salt (2 :1 )
Atorvastatin calcium Use: hyperlipidemic, HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor
Atorvastatin calcium MW: 1155.36
Atorvastatin calcium MF: C66H68CaF2N4O10
Atorvastatin calcium Reference(s):
a ,b US 4 681 893 (Warner-Lambert; appl. 21.7.1987; USA-prior. 30.5.1986).
EP 409 281 (Warner-Lambert; appl. 23.1.1991; USA-prior. 21.7.1989, 26.2.1991).
EP 680 320 ( Warner-Lambert; appl. 8.11.1995; USA-prior. 19.1.1993).
c Naeminga, T. et al.: Tetrahedron Lett. (TELEAY) 33, 2279-2282 (1992).
WO 9 703 960 (Warner-Lambert; appl. 6.2.1997; USA-prior. 17.7.1995).
ca Baumann, K.L. et al.: Tetrahedron Lett. (TELEAY) 33, 2283-2284 (1992).
cb Isbell, H. et al.: Carbohydr. Res. (CRBRAT) 72, 301-304 (1972).
d Roth, B.D. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 34, 357-366 (1991).

tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Atorvastatin calcium,molecular weight Atorvastatin calcium , molecular formula of  Atorvastatin calcium

Laboratory Synthesis Of Azathioprine

Azathioprine IUPAC Chemical name: 6- [(1- methyl- 4- nitro- 1 H- imidazol- 5- yl )thio]- 1 H- purine
Azathioprine Use: antineoplastic, immunosuppressive
Azathioprine MW: 277.27
Azathioprine MF: C9H7N7O2S
Azathioprine LD50: 1389 mg/kg (M, p.o.);535 mg/kg (R, p.o.)
Azathioprine Reference(s):
US 3 056 785 (Burroughs Wellcome; appl. 2.10.1962; prior. 21.3.1960).

Tags-synthesis of drugs,method of preparation of Azathioprine,molecular weight  Azathioprine, molecular formula of Azathioprine